Hainan Sculpture

There are many kinds of sculptures. Here are some of their subdivisions:

1、 According to the materials used, it can be divided into stone sculpture, wood sculpture, clay sculpture, pottery sculpture, metal sculpture, glass fiber reinforced plastic sculpture, etc., and the pastel on the sculpture is called colored sculpture or colored sculpture.

1. Stone carving: commonly used stones include granite, marble, bluestone, sandstone, etc. Stone is hard and weathering resistant, and is the main material for large-scale memorial sculptures. Large stone carvings, known as "mountain carvings", include the National Monument of Mount Rushmore in the United States, the Leshan Giant Buddha in China, and the statues of Yungang, Longmen and other grottoes, which are all carved from stone. Through carving and processing, they achieve a strong sense of architecture and quality.

2. Wood sculpture: wood sculpture is not suitable for permanent large-scale outdoor sculpture because the material itself is easy to shrink, swell, crack, deform, mildew, and moth eaten. Generally, it is small indoor sculpture on the shelf. The composition of wood carvings is generally limited to the surroundings of round trees. The natural shape of the curved trees is used to measure the shape. The wood carvings can be made without losing their natural interest by adding less axes and chisels according to the materials and techniques. Commonly used materials are nanmu, sandalwood, pear wood, poplar, camphor wood, longan wood, etc. Use the natural form and beautiful texture of materials to create fresh and pleasing works. For example, Prince Kaabael.

3. Clay sculpture: It is a sculpture made of fine clay, sand, cotton and other mixtures. It needs to be repaired after drying for many times, pasted with glue on a layer of cotton paper, then coated with a layer of white powder glue color, then painted with the required colors, and finally coated with a layer of oil to protect the bright colors. For example: The Sitting Statue of Arhat.

4. Ceramic sculpture: It is made of refined clay, sculpted, painted with various glazes, and burned in the house. There are many kinds of pottery sculptures, which are practical and ornamental, and can be described as rich and colorful. For example, Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Camels Carrying Terracotta Musicians.

5. Metal sculpture: It is made of copper, iron, stainless steel and other metal materials by casting, hammering, welding and other means. It is generally easy to make large permanent statues. For example, the Statue of Liberty.

6. Fiberglass sculpture: It is made of synthetic resin and glass fiber. It is light in weight, high in strength, fast and convenient in forming, and can be used to make sculpture composition with large momentum and small supporting surface. Colourless and transparent resin can make glass sculptures with high transparency. Various color pastes for resin can make the surface of FRP sculpture obtain various bright colors with high saturation, and can also be plated with copper to imitate gold. The material itself has a modern sense and decorative interest. Stone like sculptures made of resin and stone slag (drill axe or polishing) are also known as fiberglass sculptures. For example, Polo Player.

2、 Sculpture can be divided into three types according to its form: round sculpture, relief sculpture and openwork sculpture (hollow sculpture).

1. Sculpture: Sculpture individuals or groups composed of space occupying entities similar to the objects to be represented. It is a visible entity that can feel its existence at all visible points. Generally, the round sculpture does not have a background. It mainly forms a unified artistic effect through its own image and the coordinated environment, and moves the audience through the concentrated, concise and generalized expression of the theme. The round sculpture is generally placed in an environment that can be viewed from all sides. Due to religious reasons and the limitations of the environment itself, only one or several viewing surfaces are allowed or required, such as the round sculpture in cave art and architectural sculptures such as Buddha statues and niches in temples. For example, The Thinker and Lushena Buddha.

2. Relief: a sculpture form with only one face (viewing surface), usually referring to the sculpture individual or group formed by a compressed entity with a base plate as the support and occupying a certain space. The proportion of the length and width of the two-dimensional scale parallel to the base plate displayed in the relief remains unchanged, and only the thickness of the model is compressed. The principle of compression is to apply the rule of perspective to the shape, which is approximately high (thick) and far low (thin) in proportion, to show a larger shape within the limited space (thickness and depth). The base plate of the relief is used as the background to increase the space depth of the work. The relief can be divided into high, low and thin according to the degree of compression. The high relief is thick and has a small compression ratio. Marseillaise in Paris, Six Horses of Zhaoling in the Tang Dynasty and the relief of the Monument to People's Heroes in Modern Tiananmen Square all belong to this category.

The low relief type has a thin body and a large compression ratio, such as the relief on the walls of Egyptian temples and tombs, and the Painting of Empress and Empress Worship Buddha in Binyang Cave of Longmen in Luoyang, China. Thin reliefs use extremely thin space to shape the body, almost forming a plane with the bottom plate. The common reliefs are those on coins, medals and commemorative medals, as well as those used for back shadow processing in general reliefs.

3. Carving through: It is a kind of sculpture that hollows out the background on the basis of reliefs, which is between round sculpture and relief sculpture. It can be divided into single-sided sculpture and double-sided sculpture in terms of artistic effect. For example, Small Seat Screen with Painted and Carved Carving.

3、 Sculptures can be divided into monuments or memorial sculptures according to the nature of the subject matter of the works. According to the environment, purpose and location, sculptures can be divided into urban sculptures, garden sculptures, indoor sculptures on shelves, desk sculptures, etc.

1. Urban sculpture: generally, it reflects the outdoor large-scale sculpture placed in the city, reflects the characteristics and history of the city, and serves as a symbol of the city and beautifies the environment. For example, French Triumph of the Republic

2. Garden sculpture: refers to decorative sculptures in parks, street gardens and lakeside forests, reflecting the history, characters, animals, myths, legends, etc. related to the environment.

For example: The Apennines in France

3. Monuments and commemorative sculptures: solemn and permanent sculptures placed in memorial buildings to honor historical figures and commemorate major historical events. Symbolic things or representative figures with significant historical significance are generally large in size and volume. Monument sculptures such as German "Soldier - Liberator" and "Monument to the Heroes of the People in Beijing", such as French "Balzac" and "Lu Xun"